Getting a Grasp on Our Water Future

The next three posts present an overview of what stakeholders in Santa Barbara County need to know to homestead and steward the new regulatory water environment.

 

Applied improvisational intelligence: bike wheel for spinning drive wheel

Humans are resourceful, from the most trivial quick fix/substitution-work-around-make-do bricolage to history-changing creativity and art. Trivial challenges tend to be met by working improvisationally with whatever is at hand; we all do it.

Traveling in Asia and Africa during the sixties and seventies, I used Rémy Martin cognac (40 % alcohol) to brush my teeth to minimize threats of water bacteria I had not adapted to. This was an effective workaround for at least 20 years: one very palatable “clean” liquid substituted in a necessary and usual practice for the usual liquid (tap water of US-standard cleanliness) with relatively little cost or effort (Remy Martin was easily accessed at tax-free airport gift shops at small cost). This particular work-around no longer works, for several reasons.

Remy Martin has become costly over the period of 1963 to 2015  and is no longer a viable substitute for washing and cleaning.  Ultimately, Remy Martin depends on the default of water for growing grapes in a process that double-distills white wine produced from grapes grown in Cognac, France, requiring a rough average of 720 liters to one liter of cognac (using the Water Network statistics for wine's water footprint). What will Remy Martin do when water becomes too costly to create cognac?  Water, the universal default for all liquids,  is also becoming costly and clean water has become scarce.What will we do when neither Remy Martin nor water is a viable alternative for keeping our teeth clean?

2015 Water  Crisis

In 2015 we face a problem no species has ever effectively addressed in recorded history: clean easily accessed water is becoming scarce worldwide. Providing food, drink, and sanitation to over 7 billion people has unbalanced the “water supply equals water demand” equation.   Consider: wine cannot be substituted for water when water becomes scarce and costly. Listerine cannot be substituted for water because it is mostly water and alcohol, which is also water-based.

Wine’s water footprint, as referenced in the last post in this series, as calculated by the gold standard the Water Footprint Network (based in the Netherlands) and broadly publicized by Latin America’s largest wine exporter Concha y Toro averages720 liters of water per 750 ml bottle of wine.  Concha Y Toro, with a smaller footprint, is a wine company committed to water stewardship, so most vineyards are drip irrigated, but under extended drought the water sources for drip irrigation could become depleted. The other top grossing agricultural products for California  and their water footprints are as follows: milk: 1000 liters; 1grape:  .3 gallons,  1 almond: 1.1 gallons; 1 head  lettuce:  3.5 gallons  1 strawberry:  .4 gallons Santa Barbara per capita water use per day: 124 gallons Montecito average per capita water use : 311 gallons

Water footprints represent the water required throughout the life cycle of a product or person in a specific place and time.  The tools used for calculation reflect the frameworks and concepts of those who designed the calculators and methodologies, so the products evaluated by one system should be used with caution when comparing with outcomes from a different system. Water use, which corresponds more closely to what would be metered on a water bill or well, is different from water footprint and should not be compared; the latter considers evapotranspiration, soil moisture, rain,  as well as how much water is required to bring waste water associated with the whole life cycle of the wine process up to ambient standards. The drought has heightened interest in dry-farming as a solution to water scarcity, but this would have an insignificant effect on overall water use. Dry farming crops still requires water, both as rain (usually at least 12 inches) and groundwater, which is frequently found at considerable depth, sometimes more than 100 feet, which would mean roots of any  When groundwater itself is a resource already being overdrafted, tapping into this threatened source of water is not necessarily the solution. Central Valley and some Central Coast farmers have responded to falling groundwater levels by digging down deeper. Research at UC Davis on grapes dry-farmed and grapes farmed with rain and irrigation in the Carneros Region indicated that the dry-farmed vines yielded 4.9 tons per acre and required 14.2 gallons of soil-sourced water to produce a 4-oz glass of wine (5 glasses to a 750ml bottle) , while the irrigated vines, yielded 6.3 tons per acre and required 15.3 gallons for a 4-oz glass of wine, using about half from rain and soil and half from irrigation. Read more here: http://www.sacbee.com/food-drink/wine/dunne-on-wine/article2622749.html#storylink=cpy

 

 California, the Central Coast Region, and Santa Barbara County

The ration of water to wine, from a water shortage perspective, is not sustainable, regardless of wine's influential position as second leading revenue-generating commodity in California. The fact that the water-footprints of the other top ranking commodities, i.e.,  almond, milk, strawberries, lettuce, and avocados, are larger than wine's doesn't change the unsustainability of all of these products, although each industry is bound to have powerful lobbies to influence in their favor  the brand-new water-regulatory environment. Some farmers have already adapted by moving grazing lands out of the County, cutting down trees--especially avocados,  or letting fields go fallow. Most strategize action for long-term survival. Their plays are already in place; for the average stakeholder to join the game, knowledge, skills, and a strategy need to be acquired.

The wine industry is the focus of this post series not for attributing blame but for a solution-oriented reason. Wine and particularly premium wineries have defacto leadership positions in many communities and are good candidates for leadership in the water stewardship niche. California ultrapremium winery owners and winemakers tend to be masterful mavericks with most of the skills, knowledge, and ethics to bricolage a water stewardship niche,occupy it, and develop it.

More than 1,200 wineries in the state, ranging from small boutique, family-style wineries to large corporations like E & J Gallo Winery, together harvest about 4 million tons of grapes per year. An estimated 90 % of California vineyards are irrigated, Using averaging statistics for winegrowing and inferring  production of grapes into wine, about 756 bottles of wine are produced from a ton of grapes. Doing the math,  756 bottles of wine per ton of grapes requires 720 liters of water x 756 bottles per ton, or 544,320 liters of water are required per ton of wine-grapes eventually embodied in wine. Four million tons of wine-grapes harvested and bottled indicate a final embodiment of 4 million x 544,320, or 2,17, 280 liters of water.  Data from 2012 indicate that 58,000 active vineyard acres support about 280 wineries in the Southern Planning Area (12 Southernmost counties including Tribal Territories).

Given that almost all of California is experiencing historic drought and depleted supplies, where will this water come from?

The water cycle suggests that water is eternal, but fails to indicate that clean water is not. As water cycles through the air and ground it picks up dirt, radiation, and chemicals that cannot be readily cleaned within or without this cycle.

Getting More Resourceful: the Stewardship Niche as Bricolage 

At first blush, no good substitute comes to mind for clean water. Nor second or third. While bricoleurs--in the US referred to as do-it-yourselfers-- are good at work-arounds, working around requires working on the project.

The Project

An identified but scantily occupied niche is that of global steward. The rest of this post and the next few are devoted to how stakeholders can occupy this niche, starting with water stewardship. On the water planet there is likely no substitute for water but there are alternative ways to participate in this cycle.

Bricoleurs, as indicated in the top image, use whatever is at hand or in the environment to get done whatever project or problem is tackled. As new problems and challenges arise, the original project transitions to a brand-new project, making whatever is at hand an environment with unexplored resources. 

The  bricolage project considered here is the creation of a water stewardship niche. Bricoleurs by definition creatively manipulate objects to suit the task at hand. Given the crisis, creativity is a survival requirement for the next 25 years, at the least.
 
Stakeholders who hope to  successfully occupy the 2015 stewardship niche, not unlike those who wish to become US citizens, need to meet key requirements. Stewards should be able to navigate unexplored territories, implying improvisation;  paying attention, they will gain knowledge of each habitat: who dwells there, who are the alpha player and predators; what are the issues of major concern; what are the subtexts;  how do things work in this niche--the good guys and the bad guys (predators)--who stands to gain and who to lose according to which policies and practices, who has the power to get things done, how and why and what;  strategies likely to achieve goals of each player; the system outcomes and inputs. Niche occupation in 2015 requires cognitive and improvisational skill as well as information that evolves. Robinson Crusoe, for example, could be considered a master bricoleur, whose goal was survival; not only did he make do with whatever was at hand, he thrived on his own ingenuity and resourcefulness.

Bricoleurs as mentioned above solve problems by thinking creatively about whatever is at hand, which in the new groundwater regulatory environment implies that a rule is only a provisional guide, and legacies  and grandfather clauses need to be continuously re-evaluated. The next post considers approaches to this environment.


Historically, people solved water shortages in a variety of ways, including substitution, conservation, reduction or by moving i.e.finding a new habitat with little or no competition and ample resources or by
identifying and/or creating an unoccupied niche and inhabit it.


In the case of Homo sapiens, the last one seems like the best option, from the perspective of most likely to succeed.

  To Bricolage Our Central Coast Water Futures, Assume Very Little

The Big Picture: we depend on rain falling somewhere and transport systems to deliver water from water-rich areas to water-poor ones. When the water-rich regions dry up, we are at a loss for fresh sources. In Central California 1.53 million people depend for 83% of their water supply on groundwater. Groundwater is considered worldwide as the water resource of last resort. Transport resources such as the State Water Project and Central Valley Project are under major stress. Local water resources are also overdrafting groundwater, but in many areas such as the Central Valley, the waiting lists to dig new wells to tap into groundwater are a year long.  It could be up to us to create a viable work-around.

The Penultimate Last Resort

While most precious natural resources such as the air we breathe have become regulated by governmental and non-governmental agencies, groundwater in California is unregulated. The result is what is known as a tragedy of the commons: to guard against the possibility that neighbors might take more than their share of what is regarded as a common  free resource, each individual takes a little more than their fare share, since no one is paying close attention to what is even a fair share. so when groundwater supplies are threatened by overpumping, it takes a major crisis for anyone to do anything to mitigate the threat of water scarcity. Groundwater in the Central Valley is overexploited, land is collapsing from overpumping, wells must be dug deeper and depper at higher and higher expense, and yet

Tulare farmers and homeowners drilled 796 new wells in the first nine months of 2014. Two-thirds of the wells permitted were granted to farmers for crop irrigation.

Fresno County has some of the highest drilling activity in the region, with a steady uptick in agricultural and private domestic wells drilled since 2011. Agricultural wells in 2014 have already surpassed the number drilled last year, and is more than three times the number drilled in 2011.  

The Central Valley aquifer is California's largest aquifer, recharging slowly for the past 20,000 years. Most of the more than 100,000 wells that pierce the valley floor are unmetered and landowners have taken what they wanted for irrigation for at least 100 years.  According to the LATimes, "Scientists estimate that since the first wells were drilled by settlers more than a century ago, pumping has depleted Central Valley groundwater reserves by 125 million acre-feet."

"The Paso Robles groundwater subbasin supplies water for 29 percent of the population and an estimated 40 percent of the agricultural production of San Luis Obispo County. Groundwater levels in the basin have been dropping rapidly in recent years, with many areas experiencing groundwater level declines of more than 70 feet. As a result, many wells have gone dry and groundwater users have been forced to deepen their wells or drill new wells.  " California Water Foundation

"Central Coast groundwater supplies are seriously threatened by over-pumping that causes seawater intrusion, a challenge unique to coastal communities. Seawater intrusion results in saline groundwater that is unsuitable for irrigation or domestic use, directly threatening the Central Coast’s economy, where many high-value, salt-sensitive crops, such as strawberries, are grown."  California Water Foundation

 In some systems, when large amounts of water are pumped, the subsoil compacts, thus reducing in size and number the open pore spaces in the soil the previously held water. This can result in a permanent reduction in the total storage capacity of the aquifer system. Land subsidence occurs when large amounts of groundwater have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The water is partly responsible for holding the ground up, so when withdrawn, the rocks falls in on itself.Groundwater levels have been dropping rapidly in the Paso Robles subbasin in recent years. Four areas of subsidence have been noted in the Paso Robles region.

Seawater intrusion began in the Salinas Valley by the 1930s. Since that time, seawater intrusion has continued and now extends more than five miles inland....Seawater intrusion was first documented in the Pajaro Valley basin in 1953, and has continued since that time. Because the Pajaro Valley basin is in severe overdraft, groundwater levels have dropped below sea-level, allowing seawater to move into the aquifer. Seawater intrusion in the Pajaro Valley basin has been observed up to three miles inland. Groundwater trends in the Santa Barbara South Coast vary by groundwater basin. In the 1970s groundwater levels in the Santa BarbaraBasin dropped as much as 100 feet, which led to some sea water intrusion. The Goleta basin has been in a historic state of overdraft, after which the  Wright Judgment in 1989 adjudicated the water resources of the basin in court. Since that time, groundwater levels recovered.(as reported in 2014)

Need to Know

 Drought is providing an opportunity to re-think how we use water, where regulation is required for better management, and who should be the managers. These posts support stakeholders who wish to assume responsibility for their homes and environments. Over the next 10 years the free unmanaged groundwater basins characterizing California water use for the last few thousand years will become highly regulated--to suit those who are invested in the outcomes and participate in the design and implementation processes. Stakeholders who would like to have some control over their water supply need to educate themselves and become participants in this process. Key concepts to be understood  well enough to manipulate creatively as tools for influencing the new regulatory environment include:

acre-feet of water(AF)

aquifer

alluvial groundwater basin

average household water use 
A 2000 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132,000 US gallons (0.41 acre·ft) per year or 362 US gallons (0.00111 acre·ft) per household per day

Central Valley Water Project (CVP)

specific-crop water demands

DAU

Department of Water Resources

desalinizationSB
desalinization: process diagram

dry farming

groundwater

groundwater basin

hydrologic unit/region

irrigated vs rain-fed agriculture

ecological niche

G.R.A.C.E.

overdraft

re-used water

recycled water 

saltwater intrusion

subsidence

sustainable yield

supply and demand for water

State Water Project (SWP)

water footprint 

water scarcity

watershed

water table

Water Basics

 

 

Water resides in three places on earth, categorized as: surface water on the surface in lakes, streams, reservoirs, ice, snow, and permafrost; atmospheric , and under ground, categorized as soil moisture and groundwater. Normally, water users get their water from the sky, via from wells, reservoirs, and city, state or federal water-supply systems. Under extended drought conditions, surface waters dry up, dams and reservoirs become depleted, wells can no longer draw from groundwater with water table levels dropped too far, and people worldwide tap into deep, non-renewable ground-water stores. Partly because this resource is out of sight, it has been largely unregulated worldwide. Because it has been unregulated and unmanaged, it has been exploited.

The Texas Supreme Court concluded  in 1904 that groundwater was too “secret, occult, and concealed” to ever regulate

Supply and Demand on the Central Coast

The Santa Barbara County/Central Coast Region is conceptual. That means it can be reconceptualized as we go. The landscape is categorized as Mediterranean, largely arid, with less than 20 inches of rain in a few months only. Most likely, under conditions of unpredictable Climate Change, this too will be reconceptualized. The next post approaches key water concepts as an improvisational landscape with water facts  such as  surface water supply, hydrologic units, annual rainfall, groundwater regulations, all  treated as evolvable tools for the project at hand.

 

 

Because of indiscriminate exploitation of abalone for meat and shells, many species have dwindled to the edge of extinction.  Seven species of abalone are currently being managed by California Fish and Game: some in recovery status. A lesson here is that commons present privileges as well as shared responsibilities. Sometimes, informed  regulation is the best option.

Tragedies of  Water Commons

 

Ground zero for the new regulatory environment for water use in California is September 17, 2014. The State Senate passed legislation that initiated--for the first  time in recorded history--mandates for reporting groundwater use and requirements for all high priority (high-quantity, see below) ground water users to submit plans for pumping, monitoring, and managing groundwater use.  Central Valley and Central Southern Coast are both priority areas for regulation.

Until last year California had legally maintained that water is best managed at the local level, which meant in effect unmanaged.  Going even further towards rationalizing laissez-faire-laissez-allez,  the Texas Supreme Court concluded  in 1904 that groundwater was too “secret, occult, and concealed” to ever regulate. Net: groundwater, on which we all--worldwide-- depend for well-being of home and business,  has not been well managed, with catastrophic results. Worldwide, water stored for millions of years is being rapidly depleted, with no quick fix in anyone's lifetime. But the idea of free water shared communally is about to radically change, albeit very possibly not "just in time."

Regardless, the days of the water occult are over. NASA satellite systems have not only revealed what was concealed, but they have published documents showing that throughout the world,  both shallow and deep groundwater resources are being depleted more rapidly than  can ever be replenished. Lack of good water management has led to possibly irreversibly damaging results: in California, the Middle East, parts of Africa, India, Pakistan, and China. Although this is an unprecedented disaster, the urgent usually pre-empts the important, and so it is with water. What we perceive as most urgent, as a species, is what is most likely to effect us today. Tomorrow's threats are discounted.

The fact that most water systems run regardless of borders has led to what is known as a tragedy of the commons, meaning resources once considered as free and belonging to everyone, are exploited by individuals, communities, and nations for their local self-interests to the point of depletion.  As the world runs out of clean water, water use is being increasingly controlled, divisive, and fought for and over: so it pays each of us to know our water and its ways.

 

Runs Deep

The water running deepest and oldest--perhaps millions of years, is fossil water, which like coal and oil is a non-renewable resource. The world's best known fossil water aquifers (rock storage structures)--the Ogalalla in the US, the Disi in Jordan,  the Nubian in North Africa have been drawn down continuously over the past fifty years. Unlike fossil aquifers, when replenishable aquifers are drawn down, the pumping rate automatically defaults to the rate of recharge.When fossil water sources are depleted, the water has run out.

Runs Shallower

Shallower is the water that  supplies the demands of over 30 million Californians and irrigates more than 5,680,000 acres of farmland. The source of this supply is rain and snow that falls to earth, surface water that has accumulated over time above ground and in top soils, and water that has trickled over hundreds maybe thousands, of years into  aquifers underground--so-called ground water. All are complex and as far as individual demand goes, unreliable. Both surface and ground water are increasingly regulated by increasingly remote agencies.

Stakeholders who hope to participate in and influence the oncoming regulations need to understand basic hydrology,  particularly as it pertains to their habitats. Both the privileges and responsibilities of stewardship come with knowledge..

Increased demand on Constant or Diminishing Supply

The increased demand for water by a population of over 7 billion has led to depletion of groundwater, which recharges mainly from precipitation, but in most regions of the world, much slower than current demands.The USDA reports that in parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas-—three leading grain-producing states-—the underground water table has dropped by more than 30 meters (100 feet). As a result, wells have gone dry on thousands of farms in the southern Great Plains and are drying up in California's Central Valley and in Southern California.

Central Valley California agribusiness is possibly among the world's worst offenders of groundwater exploitation, but as the world's breadbasket and major revenue producer in California and the US, agribusiness pushes hard on legislators to go slow and easy with reform. Recent mandates in California have targeted residential and urban use and ordered farmers to become planners, but for now, not much more.

Prolonged drought causes water users to seek supplies underground. Because ground water (underground water) is concealed and unmanaged,it is easily exploited, which results in the fresh water disaster facing us today--worldwide. Typically, early responses include attempts at controlling loss through legislation, which is what is happening in California today--early summer 2015.
Stakeholders who would like to participate in their regulatory water futures can start by understanding what is at stake. What are the key concepts and facts anyone hoping to make informed decisions and action must understand? Californians need to know where their water comes from, who uses it and manages well and who doesn't, what are aquifers, recharge, etc., what are the great water projects that have turned the Central valley into the most productive agricultural region in the world--artificially.

This post highlights the ground water problem using images from water stressed regions around the world to condense complex information into a simple informative snapshot.

The next post summarizes key water concepts such as replenishable vs fossil aquifers, water footprints and diverse meanings for different contexts,  and agribusiness water supply systems,  with a focus on California water and agriculture, using the Central valley and Southern Central Coast wine industries as illustrative cases.

 The third post in this 3-part series looks at how stakeholders might influence water management legislation over the next ten years. Continuing from post two, the inseparability of water, food, agriculture, and economic issues in California is exemplified using the powerful economic determinative of the Wine Industry in the Central Valley and Southern Coastal areas of California.

Approximate location of maximum  subsidence in the U.S., identified by research efforts of Dr. Joseph F. Poland (pictured). Signs on pole show approximate altitude of land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977. The site is in the San Joaquin Valley southwest of Mendota, CA. Overdrafting of 122 million acre-feet (size of Lake Tahoe) groundwater has caused a geologic catastrophe in the Valley, where land is sinking about a foot a year, considered monumentally unsustainable.	The indicator that trumped CO2e as measure of most concern to most people worldwide is the water footprint. Wine's water footprint, called "mammoth" in an article  posted in Wine Industry Insight,  is used in this post series to illustrate the almost unbreakable link between agribusiness, economics, legislation, understanding, and water use in California. Many other crops have greater water footprints, and even in the wine industry, footprints vary with region and accounting methods. more in the next post. .
Fertile Crescent drying up: The Euphrates flows from Turkey then to Syria and last to Iraq. Five dams in turkey and Two in Syria have led to a trickle reaching Iraq. Farmers have tried to compensate by drilling wells, which has led to massive overdraft of groundwater. More than half of Earth’s 37 largest aquifers are being depleted, according to gravitational data from the GRACE satellite system.	Once the world’s fourth largest lake or inland sea, the Aral Sea began to shrink in the 1960s, when massive diversion of water for cotton and rice cultivation under the Soviet Union drained the two rivers that feed the sea, the Syr Darya and Amu Darya
The Nubian aquifer supplies water to a massive water delivery system providing drinking water  and irrigation. This fossil aquifer is a non-renewable resource.	"For fossil aquifers—such as the vast U.S. Ogallala aquifer (US), the deep aquifer under the North China Plain, or the Saudi aquifer—depletion brings pumping to an end. Farmers who lose their irrigation water have the option of returning to lower-yield dryland farming if rainfall permits." http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150159/
The end of June 2015 legislators passed a budget bill requiring metering for users diverting more than 10 acre-feet of water annually and allows agencies to issues fines up to $10,000, plus up to $500 per day for continued violation, to people who violate water conservation measures.
Colorado River, an overallocated water source, supplies 4,400,000 acre feet of water per year to California. The Colorado River Basin has suffered drought for ten years, with riverbasin aquifers declining steadily because of uncontrolled overdrafting.  Six main systems of aqueducts and water structures transport, store, and redistribute water in California: the State Water Project (SWP), the Central Valley Project. miscellaneous Colorado River delivery systems, the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Tuolumne/Hetch Hetchy system, and the Mokelumne Aqueduct. The governmental agency responsible for water planning and oversight is the California Department of Water Resources.	Lake Cachuma in Santa Barbara, one of four Santa Barbara region water storage facilities, is at about 26 % of capacity as of summer 2015.; Twitchell Reservoir is at 0%; Jameson at 19% and Gibraltar at 11%. stats from http://cosb.countyofsb.org/uploadedFiles/pwd/Water/rainfallreport.pdf
Starting in 2012, the GAMA (California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment) Priority Basin Project began an assessment of water resources in shallow aquifers in California that provide water for domestic and small community-supply wells. These water systems are of special interest because shallow aquifers respond more quickly to human impacts than deeper aquifers.
Ad An intelligence report based on classified information warns water shortages will soon lead to global unrest and threaten the National Security of the United States.,,The immediate concern is that depleted groundwater will destabilize food and water supplies and trigger conflict.	The Middle East lost 117 million acre feet of freshwater between 2003 and 2009, compared to 20  million lost in the Central Valley over the past 10 years. About one-fifth of the loss in the Middle East is attributed to drought.; one-fifth was lost from surface water resources such as lakes and streams and about 60 % drained for agricultural purposes from aquifer n not recharging fast enough.  GRACE data paint a striking portrait of regions in which U.S. freshwater reserves (largely groundwater) have increased (blue) or decreased (red) since 2003. Areas of concern include California’s Central Valley, the southern High Plains Aquifer, drought-stricken areas in the South, and the Upper Missouri River Basin region. Image courtesy of Jay Famiglietti and Caroline de Linage, UC Irvine.

 

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